Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
Project ID: 1558
Derek Netto
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to enhance the current NASA spacesuit and provide astronauts with the means necessary to carry out missions with increased efficiency. The Biological Injection System was designed to meet this purpose. Ideal chemical compounds for each of the Biological Injection System's functions were researched and found. Epinephrine, glucose, and saline served as the principal injections. Intravenous saline injection is considered to be the most efficient means of temperature regulation because no heat is lost to the atmosphere. The injection system was constructed using 0.6 diameter plastic tubing, tape, and syringes. The Biological Injection System's effective delivery of substances was demonstrated on clear Jell-O representing the human forearm. The system was able to successfully inject the Jell-O with colored dyes each representing their respective substance. Adrenaline, glucose, and saline were represented by red, green, and blue respectively. The apparatus was able to fulfill its purpose of delivering the substances. The Biological Injection System and its components can easily be integrated into the current NASA Portable Life Support System carried by astronauts. The Biological Injection System may also be used to aid exploration and enhance human life in harsh environments such as deserts or high altitude mountains.
Introduction:
This project brings an innovation to the field of Aerospace and Aeronautical Engineering. The Biological Injection System will give astronauts the means necessary to carry out more complex missions and allow them to work outside their habitat for a period longer than the current eight hour maximum. Currently, spacesuits employ an air cooling system for temperature regulation. However, such a system would not be ideal for the planned mission to Mars. Because the Martian temperature is generally too cold for human comfort, an alternate to the current air temperature regulation system is needed. The Biological Injection System is also safer than the current system because it reduces the potential failure mechanism of puncture. The Biological Injection System’s intravenous injection is more efficient than the current system because all of the thermal energy is transferred directly into the bloodstream of the astronaut. Use of the Biological Injection System in space exploration can lead to numerous new discoveries and help humans gain a better understanding of the universe.
Materials and Methods:
The Biological Injection System would provide astronauts with additional time in a fatal situation, nourishment when they are away from habitat, and a maximum efficiency temperature regulation system. These benefits are gained through the three injections that the system offers. The adrenaline provides astronauts with additional time in a fatal situation. The glucose injection gives astronauts the sustenance they need to effectively carry out missions away from the habitat. A maximum efficiency temperature regulation system uses temperature controlled saline used to intravenously regulate the body temperature of the astronaut. The beneficial effects of these chemicals on the human body were researched and compared to the chemical’s side effects.
The Biological Injection System is a simple apparatus that was made with materials readily available at a hardware store. The apparatus was constructed using 0.6 diameter tubing, tape, and syringes. (See Figures 1, 2, and 3). The Biological Injection System's effective delivery of substances was demonstrated on clear Jell-O representing the human forearm. Clear gelatin was used so the injected substances could be seen inside the gelatin. The system was able to successfully inject the Jell-O with colored dyes each representing their respective substance. Adrenaline, glucose, and saline were represented by red, green, and blue respectively. The effective delivery was demonstrated 10 times. The apparatus was able to fulfill its purpose of delivering the substances.
Figure 1: 1st Sketch of Design
Figure 2: 2nd Sketch of Design
Figure 3: Photograph of Final Design
Red tip (Needle to astronaut), Syringes (left to right: Glucose, Adrenaline and Saline)
Discussion:
Because it may be hard to convince astronauts to use a syringe to carry out their missions, alternate delivery methods were researched. Instead of using a syringe, an alternate model of the Biological Injection System could incorporate a microneedle patch into its design. A microneedle patch is a device used in drug delivery that only enters the epidermis, causing virtually no pain. The use of this attachment would increase the device’s safety, comfort, redundancy, and reliability.
The Biological Injection System would serve as a driving force behind space exploration. The Biological Injection System would provide astronauts with additional time in a fatal situation, nourishment when they are away from habitat, and a maximum efficiency temperature regulation system. The Biological Injection System and its components can easily be integrated into the current NASA Portable Life Support System carried by astronauts. The Biological Injection System may also be used to aid and enhance exploration and human life in harsh environments such as deserts or high altitude mountains. The Biological Injection System may even allow humans to inhabit and thrive in environments that were otherwise considered to be unsuitable for human life. The use of the Biological Injection System in space exploration can lead to numerous new discoveries and help humans gain a better understanding of the universe. This innovation has the potential to open a vast amount of doors to scientific discovery.
References
Luttge, R. "Silicon Micromachined Hollow Microneedles for Transdermal Liquid Transport." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 12.6 (2003): 855-62. IEEE Xplore. Web. 12 Aug. 2010.
Norman, James. "Insulin Regulation of Blood Sugar and Diabetes - The Important Roles of Insulin and Glucagon: Diabetes and Hypoglycemia." EndocrineWeb. 29 Mar. 2009. Web. 04 Aug. 2010.
Stendell, E. "An Experimental Study of Warming Intravenous Fluid in a Cold Environment." PubMed. Web. 06 Aug. 2010.
Stone, C. K. "Controlled Trial of an Intravenous Fluid Warmer." PubMed 13.1 (1994): 18-20. Web. 06 Aug. 2010.
Voelckel, Wolfgang G. "Effects of Epinephrine and Vasopressin in a Piglet Model of Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." Critical Care Medicine 30.5 (2002): 957-62.
Multisource political news, world news, and entertainment news analysis by Newsy.com
The United States has been inspired by the Syrian peoples’ pursuit of a peaceful transition to democracy. They have braved ferocious brutality at the hands of their government. They have spoken with their peaceful marches, their silent shaming of the Syrian regime, and their courageous persistence in the face of brutality – day after day, week after week.
The Syrian government has responded with a sustained onslaught. I strongly condemn this brutality, including the disgraceful attacks on Syrian civilians in cities like Hama and Deir al Zour, and the arrests of opposition figures who have been denied justice and subjected to torture at the hands of the regime.
These violations of the universal rights of the Syrian people have revealed to Syria, the region, and the world the Assad government’s flagrant disrespect for the dignity of the Syrian people.
The United States opposes the use of violence against peaceful protesters in Syria, and we support the universal rights of the Syrian people. We have imposed sanctions on President Assad and his government. The European Union has imposed sanctions as well.
We helped lead an effort at the UN Security Council to condemn Syria’s actions. We have coordinated closely with allies and partners from the region and around the world. The Assad government has now been condemned by countries in all parts of the globe, and can look only to Iran for support for its brutal and unjust crackdown.
The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way. His calls for dialogue and reform have rung hollow while he is imprisoning, torturing, and slaughtering his own people. We have consistently said that President Assad must lead a democratic transition or get out of the way. He has not led. For the sake of the Syrian people, the time has come for President Assad to step aside.
The United States cannot and will not impose this transition upon Syria. It is up to the Syrian people to choose their own leaders, and we have heard their strong desire that there not be foreign intervention in their movement.
What the United States will support is an effort to bring about a Syria that is democratic, just, and inclusive for all Syrians. We will support this outcome by pressuring President Assad to get out of the way of this transition, and standing up for the universal rights of the Syrian people along with others in the international community.
As a part of that effort, my Administration is announcing unprecedented sanctions to deepen the financial isolation of the Assad regime and further disrupt its ability to finance a campaign of violence against the Syrian people.
I have signed a new Executive Order requiring the immediate freeze of all assets of the Government of Syria subject to U.S. jurisdiction and prohibiting U.S. persons from engaging in any transaction involving the Government of Syria.
This E.O. also bans U.S. imports of Syrian-origin petroleum or petroleum products; prohibits U.S. persons from having any dealings in or related to Syria’s petroleum or petroleum products; and prohibits U.S. persons from operating or investing in Syria. We expect today’s actions to be amplified by others.
We recognize that it will take time for the Syrian people to achieve the justice they deserve. There will be more struggle and sacrifice. It is clear that President Assad believes that he can silence the voices of his people by resorting to the repressive tactics of the past. But he is wrong.
As we have learned these last several months, sometimes the way things have been is not the way that they will be. It is time for the Syrian people to determine their own destiny, and we will continue to stand firmly on their side.
Image source: Wikipedia
Permission: Public Domain
